Sampada Farms & Consultants

Plants in a acre

Plants in a hectare

Area of acre & hectare

Measuring small lots

Water

Measuring inch of water

Measures & weights of water

Measuring area

Computation of acreage

Measures of heat

Standard multipliers

Cubic feet

Metric system

Convert multiplications

Measuring equalents

Fertilisers – NPK

NPK – availability

Oil cakes – NPK

Conversion factors

Soil rating chart

Element deficiency

To find the number of plants required to plant an in acre, multiply the distance apart that the plants are to be set in the rows, by the distance between the rows, then divide 43,560 (the number of square feet to the acre) by the result.

Example – suppose the plants are to be set 2 feet apart in the rows and the rows are 2 feet apart. 2 x 2 = 4 feet, 43,560 divided by 4 =10890, the number of plants required to the acre.

If the plants are to be set one inch apart, it would be necessary to multiply 43,560 square feet by 144, the number of square inches in a foot, giving 6,272,640 plants required to the acre if set out one inch apart. If set 2 inches by 2 inches apart, multiply 2 x 2=4 inches, and divined 6,272,640 by result 4, which equals 1,568,160.

Distance in feet	Plant Density	Distance in feet	Plant Density
1x1	43,560	12x12	302
1x1.5	29,040	12x15	242
1.5x1.5	19,360	12x16	226
2x2	10,890	15x15	193
2x2.5	8,712	16x16	170
2x3	7,260	15x18	161
2.5x2.5	6,969	15x20	145
3x3	4840	16x20	136
3x4	3,630	18x18	134
4x4	2,720	18x20	121
4x4.5	2,420	18x21	115
4x5	2,178	20x20	108
4.5x4.5	2,151	18x24	100
5x5	1,742	21x21	98
5x6	1,452	24x24	75
6x6	1,210	25x25	69
6x7.5	960
6x8	907	27x30	53
7.5x7.5	774	27x27	59
8x8	680	28x30	51
7.5x9	644
8x10	544	30x30	48
9x9	537	30x36	40
10x10	435	33x33	40
9x12	403	36x36	33
10x12	363	40x40	27

10, 010 Sq. mts.

Distance in Mts.	Plant Density	Distance in Mts.	Plant Density
1x1	10,010	4.5x4.5	494
1x1.5	6,673	5x5	400
1.5x1.5	4,448	5x6	333
2x2	2,500	6x6	278
2x2.5	2,000	6x7.5	222
2x3	1,668	6x8	208
2.5x2.5	1,600	7.5x7.5	178
3x3	1,112	8x8	156
3x4	834	7.5x9	148
4x4	625	8x10	125
4x4.5	556	9x9	123
4x5	500	10x10	100

S.No	Unit	One Acre	One Hectare
	Area	0.404 Hectare	2.471 Acre
1	Sq. Feet	43,560	1,07,636
2	Sq. Yards	4840	11,959
3	Sq. Mtrs	4051	10,010
4	Sq. Inches	62,72,640	1,54,99,584
5	Grounds	18.15	45
6	Cents	100	247.13
7	Guntas	40	98.840
8	Ares	40.48	100

10 rods x 16 rods …	1 acre
8 rods x 20 rods…	1 acre
5 rods x 32 rods…	1 acre
4 rods x 40 rods…	1 acre
5 yds. X 968 yds…	1 acre
10 yds. X 484 yds…	1 acre
20 yds. X 242 yds…	1 acre
40 yds. X 121 yds…	1 acre
208 7/10 feet x 208 7/10 feet…	1 acre
220 feet x 198 feet…	1 acre
110 feet x 396 feet…	1 acre
60 feet x 726 feet…	1 acre
120 feet x 363 feet…	1 acre
20 feet x 2178 feet…	1 acre
30 feet x 1452 feet…	1 acre
25 feet x 1742 feet…	1 acre
200 feet x 108.9 feet…	½ acre
147 ½ feet x 147 feet…	½ acre
100 feet x 145.2 feet…	1/3 acre
120 ½ feet x 120 ½ feet…	1/3 acre
100 feet x 108.9 feet…	¼ acre
104 3/8 feet x 104 3/8 feet…	¼ acre
73 ¾ feet x 73 ¾ feet…	1/8 acre

By volume

Hydrogen
2

By weight

Hydrogen
1

Oxygen
1

Oxygen
8

Maximum density at 4° Cent.
Between 4° Cent. and 0° Cent., water expands by cold

(An inch of rain)

Water is measured by the acre-inch, which means sufficient water to cover one acre, one inch deep. For instance, six acre inches is water sufficient to cover six acres one inch deep, tow acres three inches deep or one acre six inches deep.

One acre contains 43,560 square feet or 6,272,640 square inches. An inch deep of rain on an acre yields 6,272,640 cubic inches of water, which, at 277.274 cubic inches to the gallon, makes 22,622.5 gallons; and as a gallon of distilled water weights 10lbs., the rainfall on an acre is 226,225 lbs. Avoirdupois. At 2,00 lbs. To the ton, an inch deep of rain weighs 113.115 tons per acre, or for every 100^th of an inch (1 cent.) considerably over aton of water falls per acre.

	Cubic inches	Lbs. Weight.	Kilogrammes.	Litres.	Gallons
One lb. Weight …	27.73	1	0.454	0.454	0.1
One gallon …	277.3	10	4.54	4.54	1.
One Cubic foot …	1728.	62.3	28.31	28.31	6.23
One Cubic Yard …	…	1682.7	764.5	764.5	168.27
One Ton (weight) …	…	2240.	1016.	1016.	224.
One Barrel …	…	360.	163.3	163.3	36.
One Hogshead …	…	540.	244.9	244.9	54.

Where a field or piece of land is not a regular area, such as a square or a rectangle, the simplest method of calculating its area in square feet or yards, is to draw a sketch showing the measurements of each side (taking care to draw accurate angles), and then divided the sketch into convenient triangles. Calculate the area of each triangle and add; the total thus arrived at will be the area of the irregular land.

The area of a triangle can be found by multiplying the base by one-half the altitude, altitude meaning the perpendicular line drawn from the vertex of the triangle to the corresponding base.

In the computation of acreage the easiest method will be links.

7.92inches = 1 link.

100 links, or 66 ft., or 4 poles = 1 chain

10 chains long by 1 broad, or 10 square chains = 1 acre, or

100,000 square links = 1 acre

80 chains = 1 mile.

To reduce square links to acres, point off five figures to the rights, that is, divided by 100,000, the result is acres and a fraction in decimals. Multiply the decimals by 4 and points off five places again, which gives rood and a fraction in decimals. Multiply the decimal by 40 and mark off 5 figures, then we get poles-

E.g., 1234567 square links
=12.34567 acres	= .34567 x 4
=1.38268 roods	= .38268 x 40
=15.30720 poles	Answers – 12 acres, 1 road, 15.30720 poles.

Three scales are in common use, Fahrenheit (F.), Centigrade (C.), and Reaumur (R.). The freezing and boiling points of water on each of these scales are:

	Freezing.	Boiling.
Fahrenheit …	32°	0°
Centigrade …	212°	100°
Reaumur …	0°	80°

To convent F. to C.   subtract 32, multiply by 5 and divide by 9.
To convent C. to F.   multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32.
To convent F. to R.   subtract 32, multiply by 4 and divide by 9.

Circle, area	= Square of radius x 3.14159
Circle circumference	= diameter x 3.14159, or 31/7 nearly
Circle circumference	= radius x 6.283185
Circle diameter	= circumference x 0.31831
Circle diameter	= Square root of area x 1.12838
Circle radius	= Circumference x 0.159155
Circle radius	= Square root of area x 0.56419
Circle side of sq. of eq. area	=Diameter x 0.886
Circle side of inscribed square	=Diameter x 0.707
Cone or Pyramid, solidity	= Area of base x one-third of altitude
Ellipse, area	= Product of diameter x 0.7854
The area of the surface of	= Square of the diameter x 3.1416 sphere
The volume of a sphere	= Cube of the diameter x .5236

How to calculate the cubic content of a tree (Measuring round timber.)

The conventional method of finding the cubic contents of round timber is as follow: -

Multiply one-fourth of the average girth square by the length;

Or G2 X L/4

Note: - if the girth is taken in inches and the length in feet, divide the result by 144 to obtain the contents in cubic feet.

1 Metre (m)	=10 decimetres=39.37 inches. =100 Centimetres (cm.) =1000 Millimetres (mm.)
10 Metres	=1 decametre=10.93611yds.
100 Metres	=1 hectometre=109.3611 yds.
1000Metres	=1 kilometre =1093.611 yds
10 Millimetres (mm)	=1 Centimetre (cm)=0.3937 inch.
10 Centimetre	=1 decimetre=3.9371 inches.
5 cm (Centimetre)	= About 2 inches.
Kilometre is 0.621 of a mile, or 1093.6 yards or about 3/8 of a mile.
Litre is 61 cub. Ins, or 1.76 imperial pints, or 0.22 of a gallon.
Gram is 15.432 grains Troy.
Kilogram is approximately 2.205 pounds avoir. (2 lbs. 3 ozs.)
I yard	= .914401 metres.
I mile	= 1.609347 kilometres

To convert		Multiply by
Cubic centigrade into fluid ounces …		0.0352
Litres into fluid ounces …		35.2
Fluid ounces into cubic centimetres …		28.42
Pints into litres …		0.568
Grams into grains …		15.432
Gram into ounces avoir …		0.03587
Grams into ounces troy …		0.3215
Kilogrammes into pounds …		2.2046
Grains into grams …		0.0648
Ounces avoirdupois into grams …		28.35
Ounces troy into grams …	31.104
Metres into inches …	39.37
Inches into metres …	0.0254

1 Teaspoon	5 ml. Or 5 gms
1 Level tablespoonful	3 level teaspoonfuls
1 fluid Ounce	2 table spoonful
1 Cupful	8 fluid ounces
1 Pint-2-cupfuls	16 fluid ounces
1 Quart-2-Pints	32 fluid ounces
1 Gallon-4-Quarts	128 fluid ounces
1 Millilitre	1 cubic centimetre
1 Litre-1000 millilitres	1.057 liquid quart
1 Percent-10, 000 parts per million	8 fluid ounces 100 gals
1 Pound avoirdupois	453.59 grams

S.No.	Fertiliser	Available %
S.No.	Fertiliser	N	P	K
1	Ammonium Sulphate	21	-	-
2	Calcium Ammonium Nitrate	25	-	-
3	Urea	46	-	-
4	Single Super Phosphate	-	16	-
5	Triple Super Phosphate	-	48	-
6	Sulphate of Potash	-	-	48-50
7	Murate of Potash	-	-	51-60
8	Bone Meal	3.5 - 4.5	24 - 25	-
9	Di Ammonium Sulphate	18	46	-
10	Urea-Ammonium Phosphate/Potash	14	35	14
11	Urea-Ammonium Phosphate/Potash	14	28	14
12	Urea-Ammonium Phosphate/Potash	22	22	11
13	Urea-Ammonium Phosphate	-	28	28
14	Ammonium Nitro Phosphate-Grade-1	18	18	9
15	Ammonium Nitro Phosphate-Grade-2	15	15	15
16	Rock Phosphate	-	25	-
17	Ammonium Nitro Phosphate (Sulphate)	20	20	15

S.No.	NITROGEN Fertilisers	%	S.No.	PHOSPHATE Fertilisers	%
1	Urea	46	22	Di ammonium phosphate	53
2	Liquid ammonia	82	23	Basic clog	14
3	Ammonium Nitrate	33		POTASH Fertilisers
4	Ammonium sulphate	20.5	24	Potassium chloride	60
5	Ammonium chloride	25	25	Potassium sulphate	50
6	Ammonium carbonate	24	26	Potassium Magnesium sulphate	28
7	Ammonium bicarbonate	17	27	Kynite	19
8	Ammonium sulphate nitrate	26	28	Potassium carbonate	66
9	Calcium nitrate	15	29	Potassium nitrate	44
10	Calcium ammonium nitrate	20	30	Sylvinyte	20
11	Calcium Cyanamid	21	31	Corpalite	17
12	Ammonium sodium sulphate	16	32	Copper sulphate	25-35
13	Aqua ammonia	20	33	Copper carbonate	57
14	Ammonium Phosphate	20	34	Zinc Sulphate	23-25
15	Sodium Nitrate	16	35	Magnesium Sulphate	9-10
	PHOSPHATE Fertlisers		36	Magnesium carbonate	4
16	Rock phosphate	25		IRON Fertilisers
17	Single Super Phosphate	16	37	Ferrous sulphate	20
18	Double Super Phosphate	32	38	Calcium sulphate	23
19	Triple Super Phosphate	48	39	Calcium oxide	55
20	Ammophos	48	40	Calcium carbonate	32
21	Bone meal	20

Material	Percentage composition N P2O5 K2O
Castor cake	4.0-4.4	1.9	1.4
Groundnut cake	6.5-7.5	1.3 1.5
Cotton-seed cake Decorticated Undecorticated			1.6 1.6
Cotton-seed cake Decorticated Undecorticated	6.9 3.6	3.1 2.5	1.6 1.6
Rape cake	4.8	2.0	1.3
Linseed cake	4.7	11.7	1.3
Coconut cake	3.4	1.5	2.0
Palmnut cake	2.6	1.1	0.5
Neem or margosa cake	5.2-5.6	1.1	1.5
Safflower cake Decorticated Undecorticated	7.9 4.9	2.2 1.4	1.9 1.2
Sesamum cake	4.7-6.2	2.1	1.3
Mahua cake	2.5	0.8	1.9
Jambo cake	5.0	1.7	1.9
Karanj cake	4.0	0.9	1.3
Niger cake	4.7	1.8	1.3

Elements	Multiplied by	Gives corresponding quantity of
Nitrogen	4.854	Ammonium sulphate
Nitrogen	2.222	Urea
Nitrogen	3.846	Ammonium sulphate nitrate
Nitrogen	4.000	Ammonium chloride
Nitrogen	3.030	Ammonium nitrate
Phosphoric acid (P2O5)	6.250	Super phosphate, single
Phosphoric acid (P2O5)	2.222	Super phosphate, double
Phosphoric acid (P2O5)	2.857	Di calcium phosphate
Phosphoric acid (P2O5)	5.000	Bone-meal, raw
Potash (K2O)	1.666	Muriate of potash
Potash (K2O)	2.000	Sulphate of potash
Ammonium sulphate	0.206	Nitrogen
Sodium nitrate	0.155	Nitrogen
Urea	0.450	Nitrogen
Ammonium sulphate nitrate	0.260	Nitrogen
Ammonium chloride	0.250	Nitrogen
Ammonium nitrate	0.330	Nitrogen
Super phosphate, single	0.160	Phosphoric acid (P2O5)
Super phosphate, double	0.450	Phosphoric acid (P2O5)
Di calcium phosphate	0.350	Phosphoric acid (P2O5)
Bone-meal, raw	0.200	Phosphoric acid (P2O5)
Muriate of potash	0.600	Potash (K2O)
Sulphate of potash	0.500	Potash (K2O)

SL     Sandy Loam
SCL   Sandy Clay Loam
CL     Clay

*S.No*	*Type*	*Light Soils - SL, SCL*	*Heavy Soils - CL*
1	Acidic	0 – 5.9	0 – 5.0
2	Neutral	6 – 7.5	6 – 7.5
3	Weekly Alkaline	7.6 – 8.0	7.6 – 8.0
4	Moderately Alkaline	8.1 - 8.5	8.1 – 9.0
5	Highly Alkaline	8.5 and above	9.1 and above

*S.No.*	*Nutrient*	*Low*	*Medium*	*High*
1	Organic carbon (as a measure of available nitrogen) OR	Below 0.5%	0.5-0.75 %	Above 0.75%
2	Available Nitrogen (N) Natrajani	Below 280kg/ha	280-560kg/ha	Above 560kg/ha
3	Available Phosphorus (P) Bhaswaram – P2O5	Below 8kg/acre	8kg-20kg/acre	Above 20kg/acre
4	Available Potassium (K) Potash – K2O	Below 60kg/acre	61kg – 120kg/acre	Above 120kg/acre

EC millimhos/Cms

S.No	SL	*SCL*	Cl
1	0 – 1.0	0 – 1.5	0 – 2.0	Normal
2	1.1 – 2.0	1.6 – 3.0	2.1 – 4.0	Critical for Germination
3	2.1 – 3.0	3.1 – 4.5	4.1 – 6.0	Critical for growth
4	Above 3.0	Above 4.6	Above 6.0	Injurious to most crops

Severe deficiencies of individual essential elements produce a set of characteristic effects in the external appearance of leaves, stems, roots, blossoms and fruits. Visual symptoms of nutritional deficiency include stunted growth, chlorosis, mottling of leaves, abnormal curling of leaves, leaf discolouration, necrosis, premature senescence of leaves and blossoms. The following is an account of visual symptoms of deficiency of individual essential elements.

When plants are deficient in nitrogen they become stunted and yellow in appearance. This yellowing usually appears first on the lower leaves, the upper leaves remaining green. The matur4e parts of the plant are first affected because nitrogen is translocated from the older to the younger actively growing regions. Flowering is reduced.

Deficiency symptoms of sulphur resemble those of nitrogen deficiencies. However, unlike nitrogen, sulphur does not appear to be easily translocated. The leaves are light green to yellow, appearing first along the veins of the young leaves. The stems are slender.

Particularly in cereals, the shortage of phosphorus will cause marked reduction in plant growth. Young plants are stunted under severe deficiency of phosphorus. Dark green or blue-green foliage is one of the first symptoms of phosphorus deficiency in many species. Often, anthocyanins develop along the veins. Fruits ripen slowly.

The deficiency symptoms usually appear first on the lower leaves of annual plants and progress towards the top. The leaves are dark blue-green to pale green with marginal chlorosis and under necrosis appearing first on old leaves. Growth is subnormal and under severe conditions, terminal and lateral buds may die. Potassium deficiency is associated with a decrease in resistance to pests and diseases.

Magnesium deficiency symptoms first appear on the lower leaves and in many species of plants it results in interveinal chlorosis of the leaf in which only the veins remain green. Severely affected leaves may wilt and shed or abscise without the wilting stage. Brittleness of the leaves is common and necrosis often occurs.

The deficiency of calcium stops the development of terminal bud; plant growth ceases in the absence of adequate supply of calcium. Leaves are chlorotic, rolled and curled. Plants fail to develop due to failure of terminal buds. Roots are poorly developed and they are prone to infection by bacteria and fungi. In corn, deficiency of calcium prevents the emergence and unfolding of the new leaves.

A deficiency of iron appears on the young leaves of plants. It is most frequently seen in crops growing on calcarious or alkaline soils. Many crops exhibiting deficiency of this element are blue berries, sorghum, soyabeans, straw berries, vegetable crops and ornamentals. The young leaves develop an interveinal chlorosis which progresses rapidly over the entire leaf. In severe cases the leaves turn completely white. Interveinal chlorosis appearing first on young leaves is the most striking symptoms of iron deficiency. All aerial parts become chlorotic and often necrotic. The leaves may be completely bleached, the margins and the tips are scorched.

The leaves often show an interveinal chlorosis, with veins green and leaf web tissue yellow or white, appearing first on young leaves. This mottled chlorosis may spread to the old leaves. The stems are yellowish green which are often hard and woody. Carotenes are reduced. Plans are badly stunted in severe cases of deficiency.

Deficiency of zinc was observed in corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, vegetables, legumes, and citrus. Zinc deficiency leads to “little leaf” and ‘rosette’ in fruit trees. Leaves are chlorotic and necrotic, sometimes with premature shedding of leaves. Flowering and fruiting are much reduced under conditions of severe zinc deficiency.

Copper deficiency was retorted on crops growing on peat and muck soils. Wilting of terminal shoots takes place, frequently by death. The leaf colour is often faded due to the reduction of carotene and other pigments. Flowering and fruiting are curtailed. Copper deficiency causes iron accumulation in the nodes of corn plants.

Interveinal chlorosis and mottled appearance are the major symptoms with molybdenum deficiency. Leaf blades become necrotic and disintegrate, leaving only a much reduced strip along the midrib resulting in the symptom known as ‘whiptail’.

Deficiency of Boron is reported in citrus fruit. Terminal leaves are necrotic and shed prematurely. Tissues of plants with this deficiency appear hard, dry and brittle. Roots are short and stubby. Plants are dwarfed and stunted. Flowering and seed production are severally affected, or lacking. In citrus, the peel is uneven in thickness, the fruit is lumpy, and gummy deposits can be seen on the fruit.

In the heat of the day, the tips of the young leaves wilt and dangle down, Wilting is followed by chlorosis, bronzing and necrosis. Under severe conditions of deficiency, plants are spindly and stuned.

Distance in feet

Gallons

To convert

Multiply by

Fertiliser

Available %

PHOSPHATE Fertilisers

POTASH Fertilisers

PHOSPHATE Fertlisers

Castor cake

Elements

Multiplied by

Nitrogen

Ammonium sulphate

Nitrogen

Ammonium sulphate nitrate

Nitrogen

Ammonium chloride

Ammonium sulphate

Nitrogen

Urea

Ammonium sulphate nitrate

Ammonium chloride

S.No

Distance
in feet

PHOSPHATE
Fertilisers

POTASH
Fertilisers

PHOSPHATE
Fertlisers